The Effect of Cold Water Immersion on Physiological Indices, Inflammatory and Immune Responses during a Soccer Match / 대한스포츠의학회지

Purpose@#We investigated the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) treatment during half-time break on performance related physiological indices during second half soccer match. @*Methods@#Twenty-two collegiate soccer players participated in the study. Subjects undertook 3 minutes head out seated with whole body immersion at 19 o C to 21 o C. Total four venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for markers of ionic regulations and inflammatory (interleukin [IL]-1b, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α , and vascular endothelial growth factor) and immune functions (immunoglobulin [Ig] G, IgG2, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, and IgM). @*Results@#Partial oxygen concentration and %SO 2 level was lowered in CWI. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values were not significantly different between experimental groups. While there was no notable effect was shown in Na ＋ and Ca 2＋ , K ＋ concentration was higher in CWI during second half match. There were no effects in any of inflammatory and/or anti-inflammatory cytokines and Ig. @*Conclusion@#These results suggest that CWI during half time break exert positively affects in buffering capacity and promote oxygen delivery to the actively recruited skeletal muscle, possibly results in improve soccer performance during second half match.

The Changes of Contraction Patterns in Trunk Muscles with Multidirectional Tilting Motion on the Dynamic Posturography / 대한스포츠의학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of contraction patterns and the differences of activities in trunk muscles during dynamic balance (multidirectional tilting exercise). METHODS: Eight physically active male subjects participated in the study. Tilting exercises were included by four directions (i.e., forward, backward, left, and right side), and were undertaken at three different tilting degrees (i.e., 10°, 20°, and 30°). They performed two occasions of tilting exercise, separated by 6-week time interval. Surface electromyography system was used for record of any signals produced by muscles which normalized as percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contraction. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant different interactive effects in any of muscles between two factors (time vs. degree). However, we identified significant main effects of degrees (among 10°, 20°, and 30°) in muscle activations during maintaining with forward tilting (left and right longissimus, multifidus), backward tilting (left and right rectus abdominis, external oblique), left side tilting (right rectus abdominis, external oblique, longissimus, multifidus), right side tilting (left rectus abdominis, external oblique, longissimus, multifidus). CONCLUSION: Findings from this study allow the multidirectional tilting exercise to be considered as suitable for ameliorate muscle balance by inducing co-contraction in trunk muscles.

Effect of Forward and Backward Arm Extension Movement of Pilates Exercise Using Cadillac Instrument on Trunk Muscle Activity / 대한스포츠의학회지

PURPOSE: This study analyzed the muscle activity changes induced by motions of reaching forward and chest expansion that were examined from the bilateral muscles with rectus abdominis, external oblique, multifidus, and longissimus thoracic using Pilates cadillac instrument. METHODS: Nine young adult women, who have no musculoskeletal disorder and any of chronic diseases, were participated. Surface electromyography system was used for recording of all signals produced by muscles, and then normalized as percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC). The paired t-test and repeated measures of analysis of variance was performed. RESULTS: Reaching-forward motion showed a higher muscle activity from non-dominant external oblique muscle than that of the chest-expansion motion. During both reaching-forward motion and chest-expansion motion, MVIC values collected from dominant side of external oblique muscle were shown a significantly lower than the values obtained from non-dominant side (p < 0.05). Conversely, %MVIC values in external oblique muscle collected from dominant side showed a significantly higher than the values obtained from non-dominant side of the same oblique muscle (p < 0.05). Reaching-forward motion was caused a higher %MVIC on non-dominant external oblique muscle than that of the chest-expansion motion (p < 0.05). Regardless of dominant or non-dominant sides, external oblique muscle was shown the highest activation rate of all the other muscles during reaching forward action, and longissimus thoracic muscle was shown the highest activation rate of all the other muscles during chest expansion action. CONCLUSION: Reaching-forward motion is suitable for activating an external oblique muscle, and chest-expansion motion is an effective enough in activating of longissimus thoracic muscle.

The Effects of Scapular Stabilization Exercise on the Muscular Functions and Pain Release of Shoulder Joints in Youth Baseball Players / 대한스포츠의학회지

We investigated the effect of scapular stabilization exercise on shoulder joints mobilization and pain release in youth baseball players. Total 15 youth baseball players were voluntarily participated, and randomly divided into one of two experimental groups: either stabilization exercise group (EXE, n=7) or control group (NonE, n=8). Stabilization exercises (i.e., punching, scapular retraction, scapular fold, shrug, pull over, seated press, scaption with retraction, body blade, rotator cuff) were administered to EXE (8 weeks, 3 times.wk(-1), 60-100 min.session(-1)). Muscular power using Biodex system 3, full range of motion (ROM) with a goniometer, and the degree of pain with the Visual Analogue Scale was assessed at both baseline and the time point of completion of 8 weeks training program. Twoway ANOVA (group vs. time) was adopted to observe any interactive effects between factors. The statistical significance level was set at alpha=.05. There was an improvement in muscular power at both slow (i.e., 60degrees/sec) and medium (i.e., 180degrees/sec) speed setting in isokinetic instrument during internal and external rotation on dominant shoulder, and internal rotation only (not with external rotation) on non-dominant shoulder. There was no change in ROM in NonE, but total ROM was significantly expanded in EXE, revealing only degree of internal rotation increased. VAS significantly decreased in EXE. In conclusion, scapular stabilization exercise exerted positive effect on muscular power output, full range of motion and pain release on shoulder joint in youth baseball players. This indicates that scapular stabilization exercise possibly exert meaningful effect in injury prevention and sport performance.